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8) the SENSE of the duration OF TIME is ALTERED hours pass by in minutes, and minutes can stretch out to seem like hours. 7) CONCERN FOR SELF DISAPPEARS, yet paradoxically the sense of self emerges stronger after the flow experience is over.
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6) enjoyable experiences allow people to exercise a sense of CONTROL over their actions. 5) one acts with a DEEP BUT EFFORTLESS INVOLVEMENT that removes from awareness the worries and frustrations of everyday life. 3)+4) the concentration is usually possible because the task undertaken has CLEAR GOALS and provides IMMEDIATE FEEDBACK. 2) we must be able to CONCENTRATE on what we are doing. 1) the experience usually occurs when we confront tasks we have a CHANCE OF COMPLETING. When people reflect on how it feels when their experience is most positive, they mention at least one, and often all, of the following. If one does not expect perfect safety, recognizes that risks are inevitable, and succeeds in enjoying a less than ideally predictable world, the threat of insecurity will not have as great a chance of marring happiness.Īs our studies have suggested, the phenomenology of enjoyment has eight major components. The other method by which we can feel more secure involves modifying what we mean by security. All these different responses are aimed at bringing conditions in the environment more in line with our goals. The sense of security can be improved by buying a gun, in- stalling strong locks on the front door, moving to a safer neighborhood, exerting political pressure on city hall for more police protection, or helping the community to become more conscious of the importance of civil order. For instance, feeling secure is an important component of happiness. The second is to change how we experience external conditions to make them fit our goals better. The first is to try making external conditions match our goals. THERE ARE TWO MAIN STRATEGIES we can adopt to improve the quality of life. Without integration, a differentiated system would be a confusing mess. A complex engine, for instance, not only has many separate components, each performing a different function, but also demonstrates a high sensitivity because each of the components is in touch with all the others. Yet complexity also involves a second dimension-the integration of autonomous parts. That may be true, but only if we equate it with differentiation alone. After each episode of flow a person becomes more of a unique individual, less predictable, possessed of rarer skills.Ĭomplexity is often thought to have a negative meaning, synonymous with difficulty and confusion. The self becomes more differentiated as a result of flow because overcoming a challenge inevitably leaves a person feeling more capable, more skilled. A complex self is one that succeeds in combining these opposite tendencies. Integration refers to its opposite: a union with other people, with ideas and entities beyond the self. Differentiation implies a movement toward uniqueness, toward separating oneself from others. Complexity is the result of two broad psychological processes: differentiation and integration. It is by becoming increasingly complex that the self might be said to grow. Following a flow experience, the organization of the self is more complex than it had been before.